Particles
Particles are the short words after a noun that say what it does in the sentence: the topic, the subject, the object, the place, the time. Word order is loose in Japanese because the particles carry the roles.
Who and what: は, が, を
は marks the topic, what you are talking about. が marks the subject, often as new information. を marks the direct object, the thing the verb acts on.
As particles, は is read "wa" and を is read "o". は versus が has its own topic; start there when the two blur.
私はコーヒーを飲みます。
Reading: わたしはコーヒーをのみます。
I drink coffee. (は the topic, を the object.)
猫が寝ている。
Reading: ねこがねている。
The cat is sleeping. (が: what is happening, as new information.)
誰がケーキを食べたの?
Reading: だれがケーキをたべたの?
Who ate the cake?
Where, when, how: に, で, へ, から, まで
に marks a time, a destination, or where something is. で marks where an action happens, or the means. へ points in a direction.
から is "from" and まで is "until" or "as far as", for time and for place. The topic on に, で and へ goes deeper.
七時に起きます。
Reading: しちじにおきます。
I get up at seven.
駅で友達に会った。
Reading: えきでともだちにあった。
I met a friend at the station.
九時から五時まで働きます。
Reading: くじからごじまではたらきます。
I work from nine to five.
With, also, of: と, も, の
と joins nouns ("and") and marks who you do something with. も means "also" or "too". の links two nouns, the first describing the second: 私の本 (my book), 日本の車 (a Japanese car).
友達と映画を見た。
Reading: ともだちとえいがをみた。
I watched a movie with a friend.
私も行きます。
Reading: わたしもいきます。
I am going too.
これは母の傘です。
Reading: これはははのかさです。
This is my mother's umbrella.
At the end: か, ね, よ
か at the end turns a sentence into a question. ね asks for agreement, like "right?". よ tells the other person something they may not know.
日本人ですか?
Reading: にほんじんですか?
Are you Japanese?
今日は暑いですね。
Reading: きょうはあついですね。
It's hot today, isn't it.
この店、安いよ。
Reading: このみせ、やすいよ。
This shop is cheap, you know.
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