Grammar N5助詞

Particles

Particles are the short words after a noun that say what it does in the sentence: the topic, the subject, the object, the place, the time. Word order is loose in Japanese because the particles carry the roles.

Who and what: は, が, を

は marks the topic, what you are talking about. が marks the subject, often as new information. を marks the direct object, the thing the verb acts on.

As particles, は is read "wa" and を is read "o". は versus が has its own topic; start there when the two blur.

  • 私はコーヒーを飲みます。

    Reading: わたしはコーヒーをのみます。

    I drink coffee. (は the topic, を the object.)

  • 猫が寝ている。

    Reading: ねこがねている。

    The cat is sleeping. (が: what is happening, as new information.)

  • 誰がケーキを食べたの?

    Reading: だれがケーキをたべたの?

    Who ate the cake?

Where, when, how: に, で, へ, から, まで

に marks a time, a destination, or where something is. で marks where an action happens, or the means. へ points in a direction.

から is "from" and まで is "until" or "as far as", for time and for place. The topic on に, で and へ goes deeper.

  • 七時に起きます。

    Reading: しちじにおきます。

    I get up at seven.

  • 駅で友達に会った。

    Reading: えきでともだちにあった。

    I met a friend at the station.

  • 九時から五時まで働きます。

    Reading: くじからごじまではたらきます。

    I work from nine to five.

With, also, of: と, も, の

と joins nouns ("and") and marks who you do something with. も means "also" or "too". の links two nouns, the first describing the second: 私の本 (my book), 日本の車 (a Japanese car).

  • 友達と映画を見た。

    Reading: ともだちとえいがをみた。

    I watched a movie with a friend.

  • 私も行きます。

    Reading: わたしもいきます。

    I am going too.

  • これは母の傘です。

    Reading: これはははのかさです。

    This is my mother's umbrella.

At the end: か, ね, よ

か at the end turns a sentence into a question. ね asks for agreement, like "right?". よ tells the other person something they may not know.

  • 日本人ですか?

    Reading: にほんじんですか?

    Are you Japanese?

  • 今日は暑いですね。

    Reading: きょうはあついですね。

    It's hot today, isn't it.

  • この店、安いよ。

    Reading: このみせ、やすいよ。

    This shop is cheap, you know.

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